Neurol. praxi. 2021;22(5):398-402 | DOI: 10.36290/neu.2021.041
Profile of a patient with secondary progressive MS - how to identify patients that should be sent to a tertiary Center
- Neurologická klinika 2. LF UK a FN Motol, Praha
The care of patients with secondary progressive (SP) multiple sclerosis (MS) has made a great step forward in the last year in Czech republic as a result of the approval of siponimod as the first disease modifying drug for the treatment of this form of MS. The introduction of this new treatment however increases the importance of early recognition of transition from relapse remitting to SP form of the disease, and of recognizing the active phenotype in patients where the secondary progressive form has already been identified. Since there is currently no validated biomarker that could be used to distinguish SP MS from relapse remittent form and since the transition to SP form is a gradual process, it is important to know a typical profile of a patient with this form of the disease. Thus, the aim of this article is to familiarize the reader with the widely accepted definition of SP MS and with the known risk factors, typical symptoms, associated biomarkers and prognostic scoring systems. We also give a brief outline of the current treatment options for this diagnosis.
Keywords: multiple sclerosis, secondary progressive, siponimod, biomarker, EDSS.
Received: June 1, 2021; Revised: June 1, 2021; Accepted: June 2, 2021; Prepublished online: June 2, 2021; Published: November 8, 2021 Show citation
References
- Cadavid D, Cohen JA, Freedman MS, Goldman MD, Hartung HP, Havrdova E, Jeffery D, Kapoor R, Miller A, Sellebjerg F, Kinch D, Lee S, Shang S, Mikol D. The EDSS-Plus, an improved endpoint for disability progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2017; 23(1): 94-105.
Go to original source... 
Go to PubMed... - Cree BA, Gourraud PA, Oksenberg JR, Bevan C, Crabtree-Hartman E, Gelfand JM, Goodin DS, Graves J, Green AJ, Mowry E, Okuda DT, Pelletier D, von Büdingen HC, Zamvil SS, Agrawal A, Caillier S, Ciocca C, Gomez R, Kanner R, Lincoln R, Lizee A, Qualley P, Santaniello A, Suleiman L, Bucci M, Panara V, Papinutto N, Stern WA, Zhu AH, Cutter GR, Baranzini S, Henry RG, Hauser SL. Long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis disability in the treatment era. Ann Neurol. 2016; 80(4): 499-510. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Fambiatos A, Jokubaitis V, Horakova D, Kubala Havrdova E, Trojano M, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Lugaresi A, Izquierdo G, Grand'Maison F, Grammond P, Sola P, Ferraro D, Alroughani R, Terzi M, Hupperts R, Boz C, Lechner-Scott J, Pucci E, Bergamaschi R, Van Pesch V, Ozakbas S, Granella F, Turkoglu R, Iuliano G, Spitaleri D, McCombe P, Solaro C, Slee M, Ampapa R, Soysal A, Petersen T, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Verheul F, Prevost J, Sidhom Y, Van Wijmeersch B, Vucic S, Cristiano E, Saladino ML, Deri N, Barnett M, Olascoaga J, Moore F, Skibina O, Gray O, Fragoso Y, Yamout B, Shaw C, Singhal B, Shuey N, Hodgkinson S, Altintas A, Al-Harbi T, Csepany T, Taylor B, Hughes J, Jun JK, van der Walt A, Spelman T, Butzkueven H, Kalincik T. Risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study. Mult Scler. 2020; 26(1): 79-90. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Gross HJ, Watson C. Characteristics, burden of illness, and physical functioning of patients with relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional US survey. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017; 13: 1349-1357. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Hartung HP, Gonsette R, König N, Kwiecinski H, Guseo A, Morrissey SP, Krapf H, Zwingers T. Mitoxantrone in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (MIMS). Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 2002; 21-28; 360(9350): 2018-25. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Inojosa H, Proschmann U, Akgün K, Ziemssen T. A focus on secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS): challenges in diagnosis and definition. J Neurol. 2021; 268(4): 1210-1221. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Kappos L, Bar-Or A, Cree BAC, Fox RJ, Giovannoni G, Gold R, Vermersch P, Arnold DL, Arnould S, Scherz T, Wolf C, Wallström E, Dahlke F; EXPAND Clinical Investigators. Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2018; 391(10127): 1263-1273. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30475-6. Epub 2018 Mar 23. Erratum in: Lancet 2018; 392(10160): 2170. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Lorscheider J, Buzzard K, Jokubaitis V, Spelman T, Havrdova E, Horakova D, Trojano M, Izquierdo G, Girard M, Duquette P, Prat A, Lugaresi A, Grand'Maison F, Grammond P, Hupperts R, Alroughani R, Sola P, Boz C, Pucci E, Lechner-Scott J, Bergamaschi R, Oreja-Guevara C, Iuliano G, Van Pesch V, Granella F, Ramo-Tello C, Spitaleri D, Petersen T, Slee M, Verheul F, Ampapa R, Amato MP, McCombe P, Vucic S, Sánchez Menoyo JL, Cristiano E, Barnett MH, Hodgkinson S, Olascoaga J, Saladino ML, Gray O, Shaw C, Moore F, Butzkueven H, Kalincik T. MSBase Study Group. Defining secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 2016; 139(Pt 9): 2395-405. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sørensen PS, Thompson AJ, Wolinsky JS, Balcer LJ, Banwell B, Barkhof F, Bebo B Jr, Calabresi PA, Clanet M, Comi G, Fox RJ, Freedman MS, Goodman AD, Inglese M, Kappos L, Kieseier BC, Lincoln JA, Lubetzki C, Miller AE, Montalban X, O'Connor PW, Petkau J, Pozzilli C, Rudick RA, Sormani MP, Stüve O, Waubant E, Polman CH. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology 2014; 83(3): 278-86. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Manouchehrinia A, Zhu F, Piani-Meier D, et al. Predicting risk of secondary progression in multiple sclerosis: a nomogram. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl). 2019; 25(8): 1102-1112. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Oh J, Alikhani K, Bruno T, Devonshire V, Giacomini PS, Giuliani F, Nakhaipour HR, Schecter R, Larochelle C. Diagnosis and management of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: time for change. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2019; 9(6): 301-317. Go to original source...
- Ontaneda D, Thompson AJ, Fox RJ, Cohen JA. Progressive multiple sclerosis: prospects for disease therapy, repair, and restoration of function. Lancet. 2017 Apr 1; 389(10076): 1357-1366. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Pisani AI, Scalfari A, Crescenzo F, Romualdi C, Calabrese M. A novel prognostic score to assess the risk of progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Apr 9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Rae-Grant A, Day GS, Marrie RA, Rabinstein A, Cree BAC, Gronseth GS, Haboubi M, Halper J, Hosey JP, Jones DE, Lisak R, Pelletier D, Potrebic S, Sitcov C, Sommers R, Stachowiak J, Getchius TSD, Merillat SA, Pringsheim T. Practice guideline recommendations summary: Disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology. 2018; 90(17): 777-788. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Scalfari A, Neuhaus A, Degenhardt A, Rice GP, Muraro PA, Daumer M, Ebers GC. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 10: relapses and long-term disability. Brain 2010 Jul; 133(Pt 7): 1914-29. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq118. Epub 2010 Jun 9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Skoog B, Tedeholm H, Runmarker B, Odén A, Andersen O. Continuous prediction of secondary progression in the individual course of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2014; 3(5): 584-92. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Tutuncu M, Tang J, Zeid NA, Kale N, Crusan DJ, Atkinson EJ, Siva A, Pittock SJ, Pirko I, Keegan BM, Lucchinetti CF, Noseworthy JH, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG, Kantarci OH. Onset of progressive phase is an age-dependent clinical milestone in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2013; 19(2): 188-98. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
- Ziemssen T, Simsek D, Lahoz R, Verdun di Cantogno E. Development of a screening tool to support identifica-tion of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (Spms). Value Health. 2015; 18(7): A763. Go to original source...